The Pardoned Parent Essay - 670 Words

The Pardoned Parent There is a new breed of parent walking among us. Whether we recognized it or not, we have all run into one of them at one time or another. Maybe it was the young mother in the grocery store who handed her screeching child the candy she had just finished telling him he could not have. Maybe it was the man who sat obliviously behind you on the airplane, while his little boy ran up and down the aisle, screaming at the top of his lungs. These are the pardoned parents. To pardon means to excuse, absolve, exonerate, condone, or justify. A pardon for a crime can be granted by a head of state, such as a monarch or a president. If a pardon is granted, it means the person is absolved of all wrong-doing and any punishment†¦show more content†¦Many people have faced disabilities of some type and overcome them. Helen Keller is one of the most famous examples of this. Helen was both deaf and blind. As a young child, her parents thought that her disabilities made her unteachable. Because t hey pitied her, they allowed her to do as she pleased. They set no boundaries for her in any area of her life until a young teacher, Annie Sullivan, who was visually impaired herself, came to teach Helen. Miss Sullivan taught not only Helen, but also Helen’s family. Under her guidance, the family learned that Helen’s disabilities did not necessarily mean that she could never function as a useful member of society. They learned to set boundaries for Helen and to expect more from her. As a result of the changes in the way Helen was raised after Miss Sullivan arrived, Helen grew up to become a world-famous speaker and author (The Miracle Worker). Just because an illness or condition has only recently been named does not mean that it did not exist before it was named. Asperger’s Syndrome was not known as a disease until 1992, but this does not mean that it suddenly appeared on the planet at that time. It is widely believed that many successful people such as; William Henry Gates, Sir Alfred Hitchcock, Sir Isaac Newton, Jane Austen, and Albert Einstein suffered from Asperger’s Syndrome. Having this syndromeShow MoreRelatedPardoned or Punished: Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare693 Words   |  3 Pages Pardoned or Punished? The play, Romeo and Juliet, written by William Shakespeare, is about a tragedy of two star crossed lovers who want nothing more than to be together forever. â€Å"†¦Or, if thou wilt not, be but sworn my love, And I’ll no longer be a Capulet.† (2.2.35-36) Romeo, a Montague, who is young and passionate, meets Juliet at a Capulet party. When they meet, it’s love at first sight. Juliet, a Capulet, is a beautiful young lady tired of being controlled by her father, Lord Capulet. The twoRead MorePatricia Hearst and the Symboinese Liberation Army1094 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"complex psychological problem† and a â€Å"survival mechanism† where a victim bonds with their kidnapper or captor in order to stay alive. The syndrome became widely known in accordance with Hearst’s case, she claimed that the group convinced her that â€Å"her parents did not love her.† Patty Hearst was tried very publically and declared that she was not guilty, yet the jury did not believe her. The case of Hearst it was the most public and media involved court case that the United States had seen up to thisRead MoreA Dear Friend Of Mine Has Faced One Of The Hardest Struggles1221 Words   |  5 Pagesslide. Considering I don’t skip and haven t missed any more days. The only thing between me and having Held harmless is two minutes.† The main group of individuals affected by the rules of Held harmless are students. However, parents may also be affected by the policy. Parents already have pretty tough schedules to work around and now they may be worse because instead of taking their kid to an appointment at a time that is convenient for them, they now have to take their kid at a time that is justRead MoreAt the End of the Play the Prince Says: â€Å"Some Shall Be Pardon’d and Some Punished†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Whom Would You Blame for the Tragic Deaths of Romeo and Juliet?1578 Words   |  7 Pagestragedy about lovers who end up killing themselves because they think that they cannot be together. Many people contributed to bringing about the tragic deaths of Romeo and Juliet. Some should be pardoned and some punished, but I think that the tragic deaths were caused mainly by fate. Juliet’s parents are partly to blame for the deaths of Romeo and their daughter. Lady Capulet seemed to be an extremely strict and pushy mother. â€Å"Do as thou wilt, for I have done with thee.† She and her husband shouldRead MoreDeadly Revolotionist1361 Words   |  6 Pages(Fidel Castro, Famous People J1). Fidel Castro Ruz was born August 13, 1926. He was born near Biran, Oriente Province, Cuba, on his family’s sugar plantation. Fidel Castro was illegitimate and his parents were not going to send him to school, but he wanted to go so much that he begged his parents until they let him go to school when he was six or seven. He studied in Jesuit schools in Oriente and Havana, Cuba. He did best in agriculture, history, and Spanish, and he entered law school in 1945Read More Rodrigo’s Reconcile Essay595 Words   |  3 Pageswith God by admitting their sins. Before you can heal mentally and spiritually you have to admit your sins. Rodrigo, who was a former slave trader and mercenary, committed a grave sin. 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The sisters protect each other during the toughest times, they always have that yearning to battle for their husbands and keep them alive, and they protect their parents, excluding them from some situations where they know it is hard for them to understand or conform with. The Mirabel sisters never stray from one another because of the connection they have and the love they have forRead MoreThe Soviet Revolution Of Russia926 Words   |  4 PagesRussian history had been prone to revolutions. Many a Tsar found himself on the short end of a sword or just the right amount of poison in his drink. All of the monarchs of Russia had this history in their minds when they began to rule but as the parent of their nation, they had no choice but to rule and do the best they could. Revolution was part of Russian life. There had been uprisings and revolutions throughout its history. The 18th and 19th centuries saw a big push toward â€Å"Westernizing† the

Vygotsky s Concept Of Zpd And Scaffolding - 889 Words

Vygotsky’s concept of ZPD and scaffolding may be applied as a strategy in the case study. This method can be used as a bridge between the information Kirit recalls and the information he is learning. Teaching Kirit the appropriate ways of behavior using social stories, simple and direct instructions written on the slate board and visuals for directions will reduce auditory input and provide support he needs to get back on track. A teacher can also provide visual and verbal models for language scripts to teach him request breaks or ask for objects (a ‘chewy’ thing, gum, or toothbrush) that help him with sensory issues. As all children with autism, Kirit demonstrates significant self-regulation challenges. His ability to adjust to the classroom rules and school surrounding has been lowered due to his grandma’s absence and due to the fact that his afternoon daily schedule is hectic and unbalanced. A few strategies may be applied to help Kirit with self-regulat ion of his behavior. Increased sensory issues such as spitting, biting and excessively touching others may be weakened if a teacher provides sensory brakes that include movement and/or proprioceptive input. Kirit may brush his teeth a few times a day, ask for a gum or a special rubber â€Å"chewy† toy or blow bubbles. He also may put on a sensory weighted vest when he is working at his desk or take a short walk wearing a vest. Those strategies are believed to calm, improve arousal level and consequently help withShow MoreRelatedEarly Childhood Course At Savannah Technical College Essay1662 Words   |  7 Pageseducation. The work of Lev Vygotsky greatly influenced the field of early education. This paper will include a brief summary of Vygotsky’s life, a description of his major ideas, and how those ideas impact early education today. Vygotsky’s Life According to New World Encyclopedia (2014), â€Å"Lev Vygotsky was born was born in Orsha, Belarus (then Russian empire), into a well-to-do family of Jewish ancestry, on November 17 (November 5 in the Old Style), 1896. Soon after Lev s birth, his father was appointedRead MoreEssay Sociocultural Theory: Lev Vygotsky1112 Words   |  5 PagesLev Vygotsky was a Russian psychologist, born November 17, 1896, who had a wide range of interests that included the cognitive and language development of children. Vygotsky’s theories are somewhat incomplete due to his death at the young age of 38 from tuberculosis. Vygotsky faced many struggles in life that he was able to overcome, such as being a young Jewish boy who grew up in a time where the Russian District limited the number of Jews who were allowed to be educated at a University levelRead MoreSociocultural Learning Affects the Development of Children Essay1491 Words   |  6 PagesChildren Lev Vygotsky believed that children learn from their own experience. As a teacher I have grown to learn that Vygotsky’s findings are true in so many ways. Just from watching the children in my classroom I see that the Zone of Proximal Development and Scaffolding play a huge part in the development of a child. Lev Vygotsky has had increasing influence on the practices of early childhood professionals. (Morrison, 2009). The work of the Russian psychologist Lev Vygotsky provided the groundsRead MoreVygotsky s Theory Of Internalisation1709 Words   |  7 Pages Vygotsky also introduced his theory of internalisation, one of the main concepts that differentiated from that of Jean Piaget (Duchesne, S., McMaugh, A. 2016. P.103). The theory of internalisation put forward by Vygotsky is an idea that suggests an individual is able to observe and internalise the ideas and processes of their surroundings as they partake in social interaction defined as, â€Å"new ways of thinking† (Duchesne, S., McMaugh, A.,2016p.103). During social interaction the individualsRead MoreVygotsky s Theory On Cognitive Development Essay733 Words   |  3 Pages â…“ of a page on vygotsky Lev Semionovich Vygotsky was a Russian psychologist and constructivist learning theorist who was known for arguing against the theories of psychologist Jean Piaget. Piaget believed that in order for any learning to occur there had to development within the individual first, but Vygotsky argued the contrary. He argued that in order for development to occur, the individual would first have to have learning take place through instruction and example in a given appropriate environmentRead MoreVygotsky s Theory Of Human Development1386 Words   |  6 PagesLev Vygotsky was an educator and a theorist known primarily for his sociocultural theory. Vygotsky developed the sociocultural theory, which is the theory of human development through social and cultural influences (Aimin, 2013), during the 1920’s-30’s. One of Vygotsky’s focuses was the concept of the zone of proximal development (ZPD), which is the idea of a child being appropriately challenged, this will be dis cussed further on. 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Most of his work was in developmental psychology and he emphasized that interpersonal connections and the social environment had a lot to development. He had different theories on how biosocial development is an important aspect of a child’s development. Vygots ky felt that language and play had a lot to do with childrensRead MoreThe Increase Of Globalisation Over The Years Has Made Our World Increasingly Interconnected1195 Words   |  5 PagesANALYSIS-VYGOTSKY THEORETICAL UNDERPINNINGS THERE IS A LOT OF WORK/LITERATURE IN REGARDS TO SOCIAL LEARNING. Vygotsky s theory put particular emphasis on the position social and cooperative interactive has on the development an success of a child s learning. He argued that the community possess a crucial role for cognition where there is a need to work on a social level. This emphasis leads to his fundamental concept of Zone Proximal Development (ZPD), which he described as the child s â€Å"actualRead MoreVygotsky - Zone of Proximal Development Essay example1322 Words   |  6 PagesHow can Vygotsky’s notion of the ‘Zone of Proximal Development’, and the related concept of ‘scaffolding’, be used to provide appropriate education and support to the full range of students in the classroom? Teaching is not just a matter of standing in front of a class and distributing knowledge to a group of learners. Teaching is a much more complex procedure that requires educators to consider a variety of educational components in order to maximize a learner’s true potential. Teachers are responsible

Organizational Leadership free essay sample

Although the success of an organization does not solely depend on leadership, leadership plays the major and critical role in ensuring that all the other employees of that organization are guided through the best ways Seibel Of achieving the organizations vision and its objectives. Organizational leadership can be described as a double management approach that focuses on ensuring that individuals as well as groups of people in a workplace are provided with all the support they need so as to fully work in what they are best in.It is a unique type of leadership in which individuals are empowered so that they can lead on the various specific roles they carry out within the organization. In this type of leadership, the role of management team apart from offering administrative services, also have a duty to play in guiding and providing inspiration to all the staff (White, 2005). The leadership team also plays the role of drawing objectives and identifying the individuals who are going be guided to undertake various tasks such that the objectives and the set goals are realized within the stipulated time. We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational Leadership or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In organizational style of leadership, the top ranked management do not simply come up with what they think needs to be done or should be done and impose it on other junior staff, but instead, the management undertakes an assessment of its employees so as to better understand them and further ropey define the goals of the organization so that they can bring all the employees together on board to work with the sole aim of achieving the set goals and objectives. Communication is an important key to success of this type of leadership (White, 2005).It enables free interaction between the management and the employees such that the employees can get a chance to share their opinions to the management. The management can then discover how they can work with them by finding out what the employees are good in, then they offer them support as well as guiding them to realize their full attention. In such a scenario, the employees will feel that their presence in the organization and their work i s valued and hence will get motivated to strive harder to ensure that the organization succeeds.They will feel that they are part of the organization and they are the ones owning the mission and vision Of the company, hence when the organization succeeds then they have also succeeded. There are a number of attributes that make one to be described as a good leader. Generally, a leader is described as someone who has a vision, who is pap able of communicating that vision to other people so clearly and vibrantly that they become so convinced by the vision and accept it as theirs too (Guppy, 2009).They can also be said to be people who have an understanding of what needs to be done so that a particular goal is achieve successfully. The role of a leader in any organization is to set the goals of the organization and put plans in place to help in working towards achieving the goals. Lastly he/ she will have to manage the employees in implementing the plans that bring about the desired outcome. Good leaders have the following qualities: he/ she is confident in whatever he/she does, this confidence helps to inspire the other employees or team in the organization to become also confident in whatever they are undertaking.When the team is confident, they can easily achieve their goals because they will put more efforts to the tasks they are doing (White, 2005). Good leaders are also orderly and organized; their actions are decisive and focused when faced with an uncertainty. Remember it is always the leaders in an organization who are looked upon by other employees during periods of bout and unfamiliarity. The leader therefore needs to remain purposeful during such times so that the other employees are reassured that everything is in order.This can only happen if the leader is calm and composed. The other quality of a good leader is that he or she should be of ideal character. This means a leader should be someone who is reliable and can be trusted to lead other people, should have an impeccable integrity and have been known to be honest all along in their lives (White, 2005). They should always be fully committed and wholehearted regarding their work so that their role as a deader inspires or motivates others towards working to achieve the required actions. In conclusion, we can draw some insight on leadership by having a kick on what role theory says in relation to organizational leadership. Role Theory can be described as the way in which leaders or the management of a business or an organization and also their employees identify their individual roles as well as those of others and how they are projected by other people to perform the roles assigned to them in an organization (Loretta, 2015). In this particular heron, how a leader defines his roles is influenced by how employees perceive the roles of the leader in that organization to be.

Role of Planning in Project Management

Introduction Projects involve temporary endeavours that are undertaken with the objective of attaining predetermined goals. Moreover, projects are adopted in an effort to address various organisational activities that might be difficult to achieve through the normal organisational operations.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Role of Planning in Project Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Soderlund (2004) argues that the decision to adopt projects is prompted by a number of factors, which include customers request, change in market demand, legal requirements, and technological changes. The intensity of competition and the high rate of globalisation have prompted organisations to focus on achieving competitive advantage. Subsequently, different management practices have been formulated in an effort to drive the attainment of long-term organisational goals. Soderlund (2004) confirms that projects are being utilised as an avenue of attaining the goals and objectives as stipulated by an organisation’s strategic plans. However, the effectiveness of projects in enhancing attainment of goals can only be achieved if the project goals are aligned with the formulated strategic plan. Srivannaboon (2006) asserts that project management â€Å"is a specialised form of management that is used to accomplish business goals, strategies, and tasks within a well-defined schedule and budget† (p.1). A significant gap exists between project management goals and an organisation’s strategic intent. Therefore, in a bid to bridge the gap between an organisation’s project management goals and the strategic intents, it is imperative for the management team to integrate strategic project management concepts (Srivannaboon, 2006). Soderlund (2004) defines strategic project management as the various processes, tools, behaviours, practices, and procedures that are adopted in order to establish valuable connection between an organisation’s business practices and project management practices. Subsequently, strategic project management increases the likelihood of achieving the overall organisational strategic objectives.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Most projects are complex, for they involve the execution of diverse tasks. Therefore, it is vital for an organisation to implement effective strategies to manage such complexities. Some of the aspects that project managers should consider include improving control and coordination of project activities. This research paper evaluates the various strategic aspects that an organisation should employ in the process of applying project management in its operations. Project management and its linkage to strategic management Most managers recognise that projects improve an organisation’s a bility to implement change. Additionally, the rapid change within the contemporary business environment is stimulating the need for organisations to implement radical organisational changes. Consequently, most organisations are adopting project-based approach in an effort to attain the desired level of growth. However, the outcome of the project is influenced by how well the projects have been implemented (Srivannaboon, 2006). Strategic management is an essential element in ensuring that projects are aligned effectively with business strategy. At the strategic level, the alignment process is comprised of two main elements, which include the strategic planning and project portfolio management (Srivannaboon, 2006). Project portfolio management entails the process of selecting and managing different projects as a group. It is expected that the significance of project portfolio management will grow into the future. Therefore, organisations will be compelled to maximise their resource ut ilisation. Moreover, projects will be selected based on their alignment with the organisational goals. Srivannaboon (2006) argues that projects â€Å"are first selected into the project portfolio to support the implementation of the business strategy† (p. 5). Conversely, organisations must ensure that the projects align optimally with the business strategy during the implementation phase. Figure 1 below illustrates how business strategy is linked with project management elements.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Role of Planning in Project Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Figure 1: Theoretical framework for aligning business strategy and project management. Source: (Srivannaboon, 2006) Figure 1 above shows that business strategy is critical in promoting focus and determining content in project management. Project management is extensive and it is comprised of a number of key areas, whi ch include project management office, portfolio management, and program management. Srivannaboon (2006) is of the view that establishing and maintaining â€Å"the process used to align project management elements and business strategy requires organisations to use the mediating process, which is comprised of strategic planning and project portfolio management† (p. 6). Soderlund (2004) emphasises that project management is based on a hierarchy of sub-projects, project, program, portfolio, and strategic plan. A program is composed of different related tasks that are coordinated in order to achieve the project goal. Conversely, portfolio entails a set of programs that are grouped together in order to ensure that they are effectively coordinated, hence increasing the likelihood of achieving the strategic objectives. The respective projects in the portfolio may be related or interdependent. Soderlund (2004) emphasises that organisations manage their project portfolio based on the formulated goals. In most cases, portfolio management in organisations is mainly reserved for senior management teams.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the quest to improve project outcomes, the overall projects are subdivided into small manageable components [subprojects]. The sub-projects may be assigned to different functional units or external enterprises. Also, to the above project management elements, it is imperative for organisations to establish a functional Project Management Office, which entails an organisational unit charged with the responsibility of centralising and coordinating the management of various projects. Therefore, the Project Management Offices [PMOs] undertake different strategic tasks, which include planning, prioritisation, coordination, and execution of various project activities that are linked with the overall business objective. Additionally, the PMOs may also make crucial decisions relating to project human resource management, such as deployment of project personnel to specific project tasks. Strategic consideration; Planning Projects are complex undertakings, and hence the risk of failure is h igh. The degree of complexity varies from one project to another (Soderlund 2004). Subsequently, the implementation process varies across different projects. Projects will become smaller going into future as organisations increasingly invest in short-term projects as opposed to long-term projects. However, the level of complexity will increase substantially. In order to deal with project complexities, organisational leaders will be required to invest in effective project management skills in order to improve the likelihood of the project teams attaining the desired goals. Whilst projects are complex, PMOs are obliged to ensure that the respective projects are implemented successfully. This goal can only be achieved if PMOs integrate a number of strategic considerations. One of aspects that project managers should focus on entails establishing a strategic fit within the project, which ensures that the project is aligned with the organisations’ business strategy (Srivannaboon 2 006). One of the strategic considerations that organisations should take into account relates to planning. Soderlund (2004) posits, â€Å"Planning has been viewed as the main task of the project management unit† (p. 188). Moreover, Soderlund (2004) suggests that planning should not be considered as a simple task as it involves a myriad of activities. It is expected that strategic planning will become one of the most important project management elements in organisations’ efforts to deal with strategic change. Within the project context, project managers should ensure that planning is implemented effectively in the various project processes such as communication, managing risk, human resource, and project quality. An analysis of the various aspects that project managers should consider with respect to the above areas is illustrated below. Communication planning Effective communication is a fundamental element in successful project implementation. Despite the significanc e of projects in enhancing organisational performance, it is challenging to achieve desired project goals if the project stakeholders are not informed adequately about the project. Subsequently, PMOs should communicate regarding the project to sponsors, customers, and project team members, amongst other stakeholders. In a bid to be effective in their communication process, PMOs should undertake comprehensive communication planning by taking into consideration a number of issues. First, the PMOs should undertake a comprehensive communication requirement analysis by assessing the information needs of the respective project stakeholders. Secondly, the mechanisms to be used in sharing information among the stakeholders should be defined. The communication methodology selected is determined by the urgency of project information, the project environment, and length of project. Lack of knowledge hinders the extent to which project team members are focused and enthusiastic in executing the project tasks. In a bid to improve the execution of project tasks, project leaders should establish effective communication system throughout the course of the project timeframe. During the initial phase, it is imperative for the project manager to explain the project goal and the value that it is expected to deliver to the organisation. This goal can be achieved by establishing a clear link between the project and the organisation’s operational and strategic goals. For example, the project manager should explain how the project would contribute to the improvement in the firm’s market share, profit margins, and cost minimisation (Srivannaboon, 2006). Project managers should consider how information would be distributed to the respective project stakeholders. Therefore, project managers should ensure that the project team members are provided with necessary information as demanded. This goal can only be achieved if project information cascades the various levels of mana gement. Effective flow of information across the various project management levels increases the extent to which the project stakeholders understand how the various project tasks are aligned with the overall organisational strategy (Srivannaboon, 2006). Thus, it is essential for project managers to ensure that practical information distribution techniques are adopted. Some of the methods that can be adopted include hosting project meetings, conferencing tools, and other electronic tools like Web interfaces. Performance reporting is another core aspect that PMOs should ensure during the project implementation process. In a bid to achieve this goal, PMOs should gather sufficient project baseline data and distribute it to the stakeholders. Performance reporting should focus on different aspects, such as the utilisation of the various project resources. Additionally, the reports should outline the extent to which the milestones achieved have adhered to the set standards with reference t o project cost, quality, and project schedule. Considering the view that projects are exposed to different risks, it is vital for PMOs to communication on the various project risks faced coupled with how they can be avoided. Human resource planning In order to ensure that projects are executed effectively, it is imperative for organisational leaders to constitute a comprehensive project team. Soderlund (2004) asserts that projects constitute fundamental elements through which organisations can promote development of future leaders especially if the projects being implemented have strategic implications. Subsequently, human resource planning constitutes one of the core strategic considerations in project management. The decision on the size of the project team depends on the available project roles and responsibilities. In order to be successful in planning the human resource component in projects, project managers should consider four main aspects, which include Selection of projec t team Development of project team Management of project team During the human resource-planning phase, project managers should clearly define the project roles and reporting relationships. Additionally, this phase should also involve the establishment of a staffing plan. The project manager may decide to allocate the identified project roles to internal stakeholders or subcontract external stakeholders. Conversely, the staffing plan outlines the criteria to be adopted in selecting the project team members and the training needs. In a bid to succeed in human resource planning, project managers should incorporate a number of aspects. First, the project managers should determine departments from which the project team members will be selected. Also, to determine the most effective organisational units to be involved in the project, organisations should assess the necessary specialities and disciplines. Moreover, the project manager should examine the logistics amongst the various pro ject teams, for example, assessing the distance between the project teams. Human resource planning also involves a clear description of the project positions by adopting an organisation chart. Some of the organisation charts that the manager might adopt include hierarchical or the matrix structure. Therefore, investing in human resource planning plays an essential role in developing a clear definition of the roles and responsibilities, adoption of organisation chart, and formulating a staff acquisition plan. Acquisition of project team Considering the complexity associated with project implementation, it is crucial for organisational leaders to ensure that the selected team members are capable of handling the complexities. In a bid to eliminate possible skills deficiency within the project team, organisations should consider sourcing project team members from the internal and the external environments. Skills outsourcing will play a fundamental role in improving the project teamsâ⠂¬â„¢ competencies. During the process of constituting the project team, it is essential for organisations to assess the degree to which potential project team members are interested in executing the various project tasks. Success in constituting a project team can be achieved by adopting effective tools and techniques. One of these tools involves pre-assignment, which entails assigning project tasks to potential candidates (Soderlund, 2004). This technique is effective if the project being implemented requires a specific level of expertise. Alternatively, organisations can also adopt virtual teams if the project task being implemented does not require the team members to be physically involved. If an organisation adopts virtual teams, an effective communication plan must be developed to enhance data and information sharing. Developing project team After successful acquisition of the project team members, organisational leaders should formulate a plan to be adopted in order to enhan ce collaboration amongst the team members. This goal can be achieved by nurturing cohesiveness and trust amongst the project team members. Fostering these elements will nurture an optimal project environment whereby the team members assist each other in undertaking the project tasks. The plan should also outline how the organisation intends to improve the team members’ skills to enhance their competency in executing the project tasks. One of the techniques that organisations should consider in their quest to develop the selected project team includes training. The training process may involve on-the-job approach through mentoring and coaching. Conversely, off-the-job approaches can also be adopted by adopting computerised or online training sessions. Alternatively, organisations may also decide to foster team development through various team-building activities. According to Soderlund (2004), organisations should consider incorporating rewards and recognition as one of their team development strategies. Thus, organisations should recognise positive behaviour portrayed by the project team members. Recognition of positive behaviour will significantly motivate the project team members, hence increasing their commitment towards the respective responsibilities. Managing project team This aspect involves the process of tracking and evaluating team performance. Moreover, team management also entails establishing an effective feedback mechanism and resolving issues that might emerge during the project implementation phase. In a bid to be effective in managing project team, it is critical for organisational leaders to evaluate the behaviours of the project team members continuously. If the organisation has adopted the matrix organisation structure, it becomes difficult to manage the project team. The difficulty arises from the dual reporting relationship because the team members report to two parties, viz. the project manager and the functional manager. Thus, it is imperative for organisational leaders to manage the dual reporting relationship effectively. Quality planning Projects are designed in an effort to achieve a specific goal or objective. Additionally, the outcome of the project affects different organisational stakeholders such as the shareholders, customers, and employees. Srivannaboon (2006) corroborates that the â€Å"essence of project management is to support the execution of organisations’ competitive strategy to deliver a desired outcome† (p. 2). Thus, organisational leaders have a duty to assure the project stakeholders of optimal project outcome. In a bid to achieve this goal, organisations should consider investing in effective project quality planning. Thus, a number of aspects should be considered in quality planning process. First, project managers should develop a quality policy outlining the quality standards, regulations, and guidelines to be used in gauging the project outcome. Additionally, the pro ject managers should ensure that the project team members understand the quality policy and outline how the stipulated quality standards will be satisfied. The second phase involves performing quality assurance by assessing whether the project complies with the stipulated requirements. The quality planning process also involves defining how the quality gaps identified will be improved. Consequently, the project manager should formulate the steps that will be undertaken in order to determine the need for quality improvement. This goal can be attained by implementing various continuous improvement models, such as the PDCA cycle [Plan-Do-Check- Act]. Other quality management models that can be integrated in planning project quality include total quality management and six-sigma. Quality planning in project management should enable organisations to increase the level of satisfaction amongst the target stakeholders. In addition to the above quality management tools, organisational leader s should focus on incorporating various quality planning tools. Some of the strategic planning techniques that should be considered include cost-benefit analysis, cost of quality, and benchmarking. Benchmarking will enable the project manager to assess the costs and benefits of effective project implementation. For example, conducting a cost-benefit analysis will enable the project manager to understand the value of meeting the set quality standards by eliminating possibilities of re-work. Additionally, cost-benefit analysis will enable the organisations to determine the stakeholders’ level of satisfaction (Srivannaboon, 2006). Planning for risk Risks involve unfavourable outcomes and it is impossible to rule out their occurrence. As one of the organisational processes, projects are characterised by unique features and they are not free from risk. However, the nature of risk differs across projects. Some of the common sources of risks in projects relate to the project budget, time management, and assumptions made (Soderlund, 2004). Project risks may also arise from the project’s technical, commercial, or relational elements. In order to minimise the adverse effects associated with risks, project managers should invest in effective risk planning. One of the aspects that project managers should consider when planning for risk entails conducting a comprehensive risk analysis. The risk management plan should clearly outline the approaches and data sources to be adopted in managing potential risks. Risk planning should also clearly outline the risk management personnel, their roles, and responsibilities. The other elements that project managers should consider in the risk planning phase entails budgeting and timing. Risk budgeting involves estimating the cost to be incurred in managing risks. Conversely, timing entails planning the frequency within which risk should be assessed during the project’s life cycle. Conclusion Changes occurring the i n the contemporary business environment are motivating organisations to adopt project-based approach in an effort to align their operations with the business environment. Moreover, most organisations have realised the significance of project-approach in achieving their strategic goals. Despite these changes, projects are characterised by a high degree of complexity and hence they require effective management. One of the sources of project complexity is that they involve different tasks, which must be effectively coordinated in order to achieve the desired outcome. Additionally, most projects consume a substantial amount of resources. Consequently, project failure can significantly affect an organisation’s competitiveness. In their quest to adopt project as a method of achieving the desired goals, it is critical for organisations to ensure that the likelihood of project failure is eliminated. This goal can be achieved by integrating project planning as one of the strategic con siderations in their project management processes. The strategic planning process in project management should focus on a number of critical areas. Some of core planning areas include communication, human resource, risk planning, and project quality. Organisations should ensure that an effective communication plan is adopted. The communication plan should focus on ensuring that all the project stakeholders are adequately informed about the various project aspects together with how it will benefit the organisation and the project stakeholders. Effective communication planning can only be achieved if the â€Å"project manager understands the communication needs of the internal and external project stakeholders† (Soderlund, 2004, p. 187). Human resource planning is essential in developing a project team that will execute the various project tasks. This aspect increases the likelihood of successful project completion. Conversely, risk planning is essential in ensuring that the pr oject is not affected adversely by unforeseen occurrences, while quality planning ensures that the project outcome satisfies the target stakeholders. From the analysis conducted, strategic planning should be conducted throughout the project life cycle. Furthermore, the necessary adjustments should be implemented in the project plan. References Soderlund, J. (2004). Building of project management: past research, questions for the future. International Journal of Project Management, 22(2), 183-191. Srivannaboon, S. (2006). Linking project management with business strategy.  Project Management Journal, 37(6), 88-96. This research paper on Role of Planning in Project Management was written and submitted by user Parker Holder to help you with your own studies. 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